张文新，学者全讯担保网主页-全讯担保网

approximately 700 urban and rural 10th-(m516.6 years) and 12th-(m518.9 years) grade students in china completed measures assessing their beliefs about parental authority and individual autonomy, as well as aspects of their relationships with their parents. urban adolescents indicated a greater willingness to disagree openly with their parents, a greater intensity of conflict with their parents, lower levels of cohesion with their parents, and a lower frequency of discussions with their fathers. urban males were distinct from all other adolescents in terms of several aspects of their family relationships, reporting the earliest expectations for autonomy, the lowest levels of closeness with their mothers, and the least frequent discussions with their fathers.

a sense of obligation to support, assist, and respect the family was examined among approximately 700 urban and rural 10th-(m516.6 years) and 12th-(m518.9 years) grade students in the people’s republic of china. urban male adolescents reported a weaker sense of family obligation than did rural male adolescents and both urban and rural female adolescents. only children did not differ from those with siblings in terms of their attitudes toward family support and respect. a sense of family obligation was generally associated with more positive family relationships and a higher level of academic motivation among chinese adolescents. discussion focuses on how the shift to a market economy may influence adolescents’ identification with the family in contemporary china.

the study of school bullying has recently assumed an international dimension, but is faced with difficulties in finding terms in different languages to correspond to the english word bullying. to investigate the meanings given to various terms, a set of 25 stick-figure cartoons was devised, covering a range of social situations between peers. these cartoons were shown to samples of 8-and 14-year-old pupils (n=1,245; n=604 at 8 years, n=641 at 14 years) in schools in 14 different countries, who judged whether various native terms cognate to bullying, applied to them. terms from 10 indo-european languages and three asian languages were sampled. multidimensional scaling showed that 8-year-olds primarily discriminated nonaggressive and aggressive cartoon situations; however, 14-year-olds discriminated fighting from physical bullying, and also discriminated verbal bullying and social exclusion. gender differences were less appreciable than age differences. based on the 14-year-old data, profiles of 67 words were then constructed across the five major cartoon clusters. the main types of terms used fell into six groups: bullying (of all kinds), verbal plus physical bullying, solely verbal bullying, social exclusion, solely physical aggression, and mainly physical aggression. the findings are discussed in relation to developmental trends in how children understand bullying, the inferences that can be made from cross-national studies, and the design of such studies.

近一、二十年来，心理学家在儿童青少年攻击发展的一些主要问题上取得了一些重要的研究结果，同时在理论层面上出现了一些新的思路与视角。本文对儿童青少年攻击行为研究在近二十年中的新进展进行了介绍，包括攻击的界定、攻击的发展模式与稳定性、关于攻击的遗传基础及生理机制的研究。

采用问卷法对594名大学生进行调查，结果发现，大学生自我同一性状态的人数分布中，延缓状态占6715%，其余三种同一性状态各占10%左右；大学生在四种同一性状态的人数分布上不存在年级差异和性别差异；与其他同一性状态相比，获得状态的大学生在信息风格上得分最高，早闭状态的大学生在规范风格上得分最高，扩散状态的大学生在扩散风格上得分最高；亲子沟通中的开放性和问题既对同一性状态有直接预测作用，又以三种同一性风格为中介间接影响同一性状态。

通过对704名城乡高一和高三年级青少年的司卷调查，探讨了高中阶段青少年一父母关系、青少年的行为自主期望和对父母权威的态度的特点，以及青少年）父母关系与青少年的行为自主期望和对父母权威的态度之间的关系。结果显示，我国城乡青少年对父母权威的认同程度较高，而期望获得行为自主的年龄较晚，青少年的行为自主期望、对父母权威的态度与青少年）父母冲突与亲合在某些方面存在城乡、性别和年级差异，青少年对父母权威的认同程度越高，对与父母发生分歧的接受性越高，其与父母的关系越亲密，那些期望在较晚年龄获得行为自主的青少年，与父亲的冲突较多，但与母亲较亲密。

进化发展心理学是在现代生物学、生态学等学科的影响下形成的一个新的学科分支，是一种从种系发生来解释人类发展的新理论视角。它试图以达尔文进化发展的机制来解释人类各种心理与行为的进化意义，并通过汇总各个领域的研究资料、设计进化实验等途径和方法来探讨人类心理和行为产生与发展的机制。

采用问卷法考察青少年早期父母惩罚的特点。发现，父亲与母亲对青少年的惩罚具有相当的一致性; 城市父母的惩罚多于农村父母，他们对青少年的限制与严厉多于农村父母；父母对男青少年的惩罚多于对女青少年，对男青少年的体罚与限制多于女青少年; 城市父亲对初三青少年的惩罚多于初一和初二青少年，农村父亲和城市母亲的体罚随年龄而下降; 父母惩罚以限制为主，其次是体罚，严厉最少。

目标和担忧是个体关于未来的心理表征，对个体日常指向未来的行为具有引导作用。采用青少年未来取向问卷中文版调查了近2000 名初中、高中和大学青少年，结果发现，青少年的目标和对未来的担忧反映了青少年期的主要发展任务，同时它们又因被试的年龄、性别、城乡背景以及思考内容领域的不同而表现出不同的特点。

介绍了芬兰著名心理学家j. 2e. nurmi 等人编制的未来取向问卷，并考察了其在中国文化背景中的适用性。未来取向问卷中文版的测量学分析表明，该问卷题目具有较好的内部一致性和稳定性；采用探索性因素分析考察了计划过程分问卷的结构效度、以自尊和抑郁作为该问卷各指标的效标考察了问卷的效标效度，结果表明，该问卷具有较好的效度，适合在中国青少年中使用。