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cellulose nanofibers (cnfs), derived from the most abundant and renewable biopolymer, are known as natural one-dimensional nanomaterials because of their high aspect ratio. cnfs also are rich in hydroxyl groups, offering opportunities for functionalization toward development of high-value nanostructured composites. herein, cnfs were extracted from poplar wood powder by chemical pretreatment combined with high-intensity ultrasonication, and then coated with polyaniline (pani) through in situ polymerization. the pani-coated cnfs formed nanostructured frameworks around pani, thereby conferring the cnf/pani composite with stability and higher charge transport. the optimum pani content to achieve maximum conductivity of cnf/pani composites was determined. the morphology, crystall structure, chemical composition, and conductivity of the samples were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and four-point probe method, respectivily. our results demonstrated that cnfs can be effective as a template f